Anaerobic fermentation of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater of dewatered sewage sludge for volatile fatty acids production with focuses on the degradation of organic components and microbial community compositions
Zheng Chen, Yue Rao, Muhammad Usman, Huihui Chen, Andrzej Białowiec, Shicheng Zhang, Luo Gang
Science of the Total Environment
Hydrothermal conversion (HTC) is a promising technology for the treatment of dewatered sewage sludge to produce bio-fuels including bio-oil and hydrochar. At the same time, a huge amount of wastewater (HTCWW) was produced. The present study investigated the organic compositions of HTCWW obtained at different HTC temperatures (170-320 °C) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) yields through anaerobic fermentation. Results showed that the highest VFAs yield of 0.59 gCODVFA/gCOD was obtained from HTCWW obtained at 170 °C (HTCWW 170). Higher amount of easily biodegradable organics including proteins and carbohydrates were present in HTCWW 170 °C, which resulted in the highest VFAs yields. With the increase of HTC temperature, recalcitrant organic compounds were produced as revealed by 3D-EEM and GC–MS analysis, which resulted in lower VFAs yields. Furthermore, microbial analysis showed that different compositions in the HTCWW led to the enrichment of different microbial communities, which affected the VFAs yields.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146077
Antibody Response to a Live-Modified Virus Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in Dairy Cattle in a Field Trial
Małgorzata Klimowicz-Bodys, Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko, Michał Czopowicz, Mirosław Paweł Polak, Agnieszka Lachowicz-Wolak, Krzysztof Rypuła
Vaccines
(1) Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term antibody response of dairy cows to a single dose of a commercial modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (Mucosiffa CEVA Sante Animale, Liburne, France). (2) Methods: The study was carried out in a dairy cattle herd counting 290 animals negative for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The vaccination was implemented following the manufacturer’s instructions. Twelve dairy cows were randomly selected before the study, and blood samples were collected right before the vaccination and then 12 times at 1-month intervals. The serum samples were screened using a virus neutralization test (VNT) and ELISA. (3) Results: Both tests showed that antibody titers increased significantly in all animals within the first month post-vaccination, and continued to increase significantly until the second (VNT) and third (ELISA) month post-vaccination. Antibody titers remained high and stable until the end of the study. Moreover, cows did not show any adverse reactions or clinical symptoms of the disease. (4) Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the administration of one dose MLV vaccine was able to stimulate long-lasting (12-months) and strong antibody response in all vaccinated cows.
10.3390/vaccines9030259
